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Tag Archives: Benjamin Franklin

Have you ever worried that you gave someone the wrong bill–maybe a ten rather than a dollar? With US currency, it is easy to make a mistake. After all, the US dollar bill, the five, the ten, the twenty, the fifty, the one hundred are mostly green, 6″ x 2 /2″, and they all have the Secretary of the Treasury’s signature.

Using Australian currency as an example, one expert suggests that varied size, different colors, user friendliness and durability are the basics of good currency design. With Australian currency, if you move up the currency ladder, from dollars to fives to tens, the notes get larger, maybe a centimeter each time.  In your pocket, you can feel the size of your bills and know what you have. Colorful, the 5 dollar note is sort of lavender, the 10, bluish, 20 is orangy (sometimes called a lobster), 50 is green and yellow (occasionally referred to as the piney because of its pineapple resemblance). Instead of some linen and cotton, the Australians use a plastic-like polymer that lasts 4 times longer.

Being so used to US currency, I wonder if we forget that it is dysfunctional. Or does it not matter because soon we won’t be using paper currency at all?

A wonderful podcast, 99% Invisible was my original currency design source. But for more, this NY TImes discussion from Richard Smith, perfectly describes why we need a newly designed currency and the site, “Room For Debate” looks at other coin and currency issues like the future of the penny and becoming cashless.

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While the U.S. had postal services since the 1600s, Ben Franklin transformed the system. Appointed Deputy Postmaster for the Colonies by the British, he established our first home mail delivery system, diminished to a single day the letter delivery time between New York and Philadelphia, and to 6 days between Philadelphia and Boston. When the British fired Franklin for his rebellious political activity, the postal system was making a profit.

Is it possible to bring Ben Franklin’s spirit to today’s USPS?

More than 2 years ago, the Washington Post expressed an answer. Comparing creative innovation from a privatized Swiss system to tired thinking from the USPS, they said we are dealing with a hybrid entity “hamstrung by a large and heavily unionized workforce, congressional management, and an antiquated business model.” We could add that George Mason economist Tyler Cowen tells us that we have been sacrificing new ideas and cost efficiencies because our Postal Service is a “privileged quasi-monopoly.”

A Postal Fact: 12345  is GE’s zip code in Schenectady, NY

The Economic Lesson

A controversial idea: Defined on Planet Money, a public good is “something that we all need that will make our lives better, but the market will not and cannot provide.”  One podcast example of a public good was the benefit provided by a lighthouse. Maybe the US Post Office is very different from a lighthouse.

An Economic Question: Should mail delivery be a public good?

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In Canada, when postal workers went on strike because of wage cut proposals, many people were saying, “Who Cares?”

In the U.S., Hallmark and Amazon have said that they do care about the future of the Postal Service. If asked, approximately 650,000 postal service employees would have agreed.

The problem is money. Last year, the USPS lost $5.1 billion. And that total would have been double if Congress had not postponed retiree prefunding payments that were due.

The USPS is a huge business. One of the largest US employers, they run more than 32,000 post offices and target 150 million points of delivery. And yet, the US Congress makes their big decisions. Just to decide the fate of Saturday mail delivery, a Senate bill has required 2 years of studies. (How long would FedEx have pondered the issue?)

Here, here and here, other econlife posts discuss USPS problems.

The Economic Lesson

As Deputy Postmaster for the Colonies, Ben Franklin established our first home mail delivery system, diminished to a single day the letter delivery time between New York and Philadelphia, and to 6 days between Philadelphia and Boston. When the British fired Franklin for his rebellious political activity, the postal system was making a profit.

Crucial for U.S. economic development, the information infrastructure that Ben Franklin initiated was only the beginning. For a history of The Information, this James Gleick book is superb. Also, this Teaching Company lecture (#28) ideally conveys the issues.

An Economic Question: Why are USPS cutbacks such a dilemma?

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You’ve got mail? Maybe not on Saturday. As explained in a Teaching Company lecture (#28), the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) faces competition from UPS and FedEx, from email, faxes, and texts. Their salaries average 30% higher than the private sector, they have massive pension and retirement obligations, and their productivity lags behind national averages. Hemorrhaging money, they have to cut back.

Recently, Bloomberg Businessweek explained the plight of the USPS. Providing amazing service, the USPS delivers mail by pack mule to the Havasupai Indian Reservation in the Grand Canyon and by snow mobile in parts of Alaska. During 2010, its revenues were $67 billion. But it spent much more.

What to do?

Close post offices for economic reasons? Prohibited by federal regulation. Fire employees? Union contracts say no. Eliminate Saturday mail delivery? Congress has to say yes. Union concessions? A new contract with 250,000 postal workers includes a no-layoff provision, a 3.5% raise during 4 1/2 years, and 7 uncapped cost-of-living increases. Soon, 3 other postal unions will be negotiating. Innovate like Sweden (letting customers use mobile phones to create individualized postcards) and Germany and other foreign services? The USPS has resisted digital creativity.

And finally, have any public postal systems solved the same problems? Yes, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Switzerland.

The Economic Lesson

While we have had postal services since the 1600s, Ben Franklin transformed the system. Appointed Deputy Postmaster for the Colonies by the British, he established our first home mail delivery system, diminished to a single day the letter delivery time between New York and Philadelphia, and to 6 days between Philadelphia and Boston. When the British fired Franklin for his rebellious political activity, the postal system was making a profit.

An Economic Question: How might incentives for government agency leaders and private business CEOs differ?

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Having just read a Washington Post article about the U.S. Postal Service (USPS), I started thinking about its future. But first, its past:

While we have had postal services since the 1600s, Ben Franklin transformed the system. Appointed Deputy Postmaster for the Colonies by the British, he established our first home mail delivery system, diminished to a single day the letter delivery time between New York and Philadelphia, and to 6 days between Philadelphia and Boston. When Franklin was fired by the British for his rebellious political activity, the postal system was making a profit.

Not today.

Although it has a monopoly on letter delivery and mailboxes, still, the USPS lost a total of $12 billion during the past 3 years. As explained in a Teaching Company lecture, they face competition from UPS and FedEx, from email, faxes, and texts. Their salaries average 30% higher than the private sector, they have massive pension and retirement obligations, and their productivity lags behind national averages.

While Congress has begun hearings on Postal Service problems, it appears unlikely that they will select any solutions that New Zealand and Germany have successfully implemented. Congress could divide the system into separate privately or publicly owned, profit seeking corporations or just eliminate all monopoly protection. To cut costs, they could stop Saturday delivery. As 80% of its expenses, labor could be cut. (Only Wal-Mart employs more people than the USPS.) 

Having had nothing to do with the USPS, perhaps the title of the movie “You’ve Got Mail” sums it all up. 

The Economic Lesson

Hoping to preserve the status quo, some people have said that the Postal Service is a natural monopoly. Most economists disagree. Having a natural monopoly means that one firm is more efficient than a competitive market structure with many firms. Until new technology transformed the industry and government broke up AT&T, the U.S. phone system was called a natural monopoly. 

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