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Tag Archives: Canada

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Does the Canadian $100 bill melt?

During November 2011, Canada started circulating state-of-the-art polymer $100 bills. Very tough to counterfeit and unusually resilient, plastic-based currency is supposed to be far better than the traditional paper (made from linen and cotton) bill. A problem surfaced though, when several people reported that $100 bills left in a hot car, on a toaster oven and in a tin box near a heater melted. (Those of you who have used Shrinky Dinks with young children will see the resemblance between news pictures of shriveled damaged bills (below) and Shrinky Dinks as they cook in the oven.)

News Pictures of Melted Canadian $100 Notes

A News Picture of Melted Canadian $100 Notes

On December 31, the Central Bank of Canada published a response. Sounding more like a “non-report,” it cited national security, had 134 “blanked out” pages and neither confirmed nor denied that a meltdown was possible. Essentially and rather logically, the Bank pointed out that in Mexico, Nigeria and Singapore, countries much warmer than Canada, the polymer bills are fine. Furthermore, the Bank said that it replaces any bills that are mutilated by mishaps.

Canada's New Polymer Based $100 Bank Note

Canada’s New Polymer-Based $100 Bank Note

Our bottom line: Neither figuratively nor actually is the Canadian dollar shrinking. It appears that the media is not really sure whether the reported meltdowns were entirely accurate. And, as for the more dangerous way that a dollar contracts, Canadian inflation, close to 1.5% during the past year, has been minimal.

Sources and Resources: To read about the challenge of designing functional currency, you might enjoy this econlife post and also this Huffington Post slideshow on the world’s most interesting currencies. For more about Canada’s $100 meltdown, this Quartz story was excellent while this Canadian news story presented the details on the December 31 Central Bank response.

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Industries afflicted with Baumol's Disease have slower productivity growth.

It might be tough to use statistics to judge US health care.

Among OECD countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), from 1980 to 1999, for life expectancy, the US ranked #19 and Canada was #5. However, the order flips–US #1 and Canada #4–once you exclude fatal injuries like auto accidents, suicides and murder.

Similarly, the US has had a higher infant mortality rate than Canada. The reason, though, could relate to our higher incidence of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers tend to give birth to babies with a higher mortality rate because of their lower birth weights.

You see where this is going. If a candidate defends his healthcare policy by referring to a health outcome like life expectancy or infant mortality rates, we need to be sure that the statistic actually reflects our healthcare system and not another characteristic of our society. And it even gets more complicated because we could say that we have 3 healthcare systems: Medicaid, Medicare and private insurance with a fourth on the way when statewide healthcare exchanges begin.

On which statistics would you base your your policy preferences for the US healthcare system? Or maybe we should just remember what Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881), British Prime Minister under Queen Victoria said:

“There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.”

Election Economics Topics:

 

Sources: In this 2007 NY Times column, Harvard professor N. Gregory Mankiw looks “Beyond Those Health Care Numbers” while I also referred to this Forbes article and this econtalk podcast on misleading healthcare system statistics. Finally, for a perspective that takes us away from the stats and to the bigger ideas that are driving this election, do look at what Princeton economist Uwe Reinhardt says in his NY Times economix.com articles.

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1. Asked to list the world’s biggest oil consumers, most of us would be correct if we started with the US and China. With the US at 20.5% and China, 11.4% for 2011, we are almost at one-third of world consumption.

2. But then, it gets a bit tricky. Ranking the other big oil users, in which order would you place Brazil, Canada, Germany, Japan, India, the Russian Federation,  Saudi Arabia?

The answers:

  • Japan: 5%
  • India: 4%
  • Russian Federation: 3.4%
  • Saudi Arabia: 3.1%
  • Brazil: 3.0%
  • Germany: 2.6%
  • South Korea: 2.6%
  • Canada: 2.5%

Isn’t it surprising that Saudi Arabia ranks so high? And yet the reasons make sense. Because of subsidies, gas and electricity are very cheap, oil production uses a lot of energy and air conditioning. Yes, with a rapidly growing population, the demand for air conditioning is massive.

3. Finally, on a per capita basis, for 2010, who consumed the most oil: the US, China, Canada, Greece?

Answers: Canada is first and the US second. China was #9 and amazingly, Greece was #7 in the world (!!).

The trickiest question of all: Economists are still debating whether we have climbed Hubbert’s Peak–the point at which oil production is the highest it will ever go. Here, economist James Hamilton discusses the issue and here, econlife looks at it.

To read more about world oil consumption, this BP report has the most up-to-date information I could find while these Economist articles here and here also provide some insight.

 


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Because cost is up and use is down, the Royal Canadian Mint stopped producing pennies and, during the fall, will stop distributing those that exist.

Should we also eliminate the penny?

Pennies are expensive. At 2 1/2 cents a piece, making and distributing them lost the Treasury $60.2 million last year. Proposals, though, for a cheaper coin, have always generated a flap. When, to save money, President Reagan proposed diminishing the copper in a penny in 1981, the uproar included a suit from the Copper and Brass Fabricator’s Council. However, the switch did take place and today’s penny is 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper.

Now, we are debating whether to eliminate the penny, create a cheaper one, or do nothing. A penny phase-out has some people worrying that rounding up prices will be inflationary. Others say charities will raise less.  And some just like Abraham Lincoln. You can see that the arguments are not really convincing and yet all Congress has done is ask the Mint if it can make a less expensive small coin. Perhaps, tradition is the real reason that many of us feel penny loyalty.

My bottom line: Eliminating the penny might not be necessary. Soon it might no longer have the basic characteristics of money:

  1. It is accepted as a medium of exchange. For example, you and I are willing to use the commodity in a supermarket. A peso or a tie is not a medium of exchange in the United States.
  2. It is a unit of value. We all know how much purchasing power a penny represents but not necessarily the yen.
  3. It is a store of value. We all like our money to retain its purchasing power if we do not spend it immediately.

My sources were this Huffington Post article, this NY Times article, an excellent New Yorker Magazine discussion from David Owen, and this from a Canadian newspaper.

Just an interesting post script: In 2001, the NYSE did the reverse. Replacing fractions with decimals, the trading price included pennies. For example, instead of 50 1/8, the price of a stock had to be expressed as $50.12 or $50.13.

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In Canada, when postal workers went on strike because of wage cut proposals, many people were saying, “Who Cares?”

In the U.S., Hallmark and Amazon have said that they do care about the future of the Postal Service. If asked, approximately 650,000 postal service employees would have agreed.

The problem is money. Last year, the USPS lost $5.1 billion. And that total would have been double if Congress had not postponed retiree prefunding payments that were due.

The USPS is a huge business. One of the largest US employers, they run more than 32,000 post offices and target 150 million points of delivery. And yet, the US Congress makes their big decisions. Just to decide the fate of Saturday mail delivery, a Senate bill has required 2 years of studies. (How long would FedEx have pondered the issue?)

Here, here and here, other econlife posts discuss USPS problems.

The Economic Lesson

As Deputy Postmaster for the Colonies, Ben Franklin established our first home mail delivery system, diminished to a single day the letter delivery time between New York and Philadelphia, and to 6 days between Philadelphia and Boston. When the British fired Franklin for his rebellious political activity, the postal system was making a profit.

Crucial for U.S. economic development, the information infrastructure that Ben Franklin initiated was only the beginning. For a history of The Information, this James Gleick book is superb. Also, this Teaching Company lecture (#28) ideally conveys the issues.

An Economic Question: Why are USPS cutbacks such a dilemma?

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