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Tag Archives: cost/benefit

Decisions Have An Opportunity Cost That Require Tradeoffs

It appears that the New York State legislature will soon experience a clash between gun producers and gun control advocates. These quotes sum it all up:

A Remington employee: ”In my eyes, Remington goes away, Ilion goes away.”

A gun control advocate: ”Look, frankly, if we really want to keep jobs in New York, let’s invest more money in yogurt.”

First the story and then a look at why “guns and yogurt” is a classic opportunity cost dilemma…

Ilion, New York might have been called Remington. Home to 8,000 people, the town’s economy is based on the Remington Arms factory and its children attend Remington Elementary School. Based in Ilion for close to 200 years, this Remington Arms factory employs 1,000 people and, counteracting manufacturing cuts in the area, has added to its work force.

The people in Ilion are worried that Remington Arms will leave if New York State further tightens its restrictive gun laws. They have heard that New York’s Governor Cuomo will make less gun violence a top priority and that proposed legislation could limit firearm purchases to one person/one firearm per month, mandate background checks for ammunition buyers and require microstamping, essentially a ballistics ID for semiautomatic pistols. Responding, a Remington executive said it would “reconsider its commitment to the New York market…” because of the retooling expense (and perhaps because of the unwelcome environment).

Ilion is afraid that Remington will leave. By contrast, referring to Fage and Chobani production in NYS, the Executive Director of New Yorkers Against Gun Violence suggests that the state could attract more yogurt production if the gun makers leave.

This is a classic opportunity cost dilemma. Defined as the sacrificed alternative that a decision creates, the opportunity cost of supporting gun producers is advocating gun control. The citizens of Ilion are saying, “If you support gun ownership, you will increase employment and productivity in our town.” However, the group of citizens that advocates the stricter gun control laws believe they will help society. You can see the tradeoff. Choose one and you sacrifice the other; choosing is refusing.

Sources: I learned about the Remington Arms story in this NY Times article. Here, econlife looks at yogurt production in NYS. And finally, to see the similar tradeoffs for environmental concerns and economic efficiency, you could go here and here.

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In addition to the gold, silver or bronze, Olympic athletes get money for winning. The amount, though, depends on their National Olympic Committee.

The Singapore Olympic Committee gives its gold medal winners $800,000, a UK gold medal winner gets his or her face on a stamp and Australian gold medalists get $20,000 and their face on a stamp. According to yesterday’s Reuters list, no one from Singapore has gotten the gold while the UK has 8 stamps to print.

Here are some other gold medal cash prizes:

  • Kazakhstan: $250,000
  • Kyrgyzstan: $200,000
  • Uzbekistan: $150,000
  • Russia: $135,000
  • Tajikistan: $63,000
  • US: $25,000

 

As for the medals, the Olympic gold contains 6 grams of gold and 394 grams of silver making its “melt down” value close to $680.82. Silver, at $385, and bronze for less than $5 are worth much less.

In the US, taxes are one reason that the value of the medals matters. Athletes are taxed on the value of all that they earn at the Olympics.  Add to that the US $25,000 cash prize and you get $25,680.82 in taxable income. (But here it gets complicated. The actual tax bill depends on deductible expenses, exemptions and other tax details.)

Thinking economically, I started wondering about incentives. If athletes from different countries can go home with prizes ranging from a picture on a stamp to $800,000, does that affect their performance?

These BBC articles here and here tell more about the amounts and issues that relate to cash prizes for medals, and this CNBC article presents slightly different numbers for the cost of Olympic medals. To read about how countries tax prizes, here and here are some facts. And, to check if anyone will go home to Singapore with that $800,000, here is a Reuters medal list.

 

 

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19th Century Urban Transport Was An Environmental Problem

Hearing Kermit the Frog say, “It’s not easy being green,” Mexican environmentalists might agree.

Since March 2009, Mexican households have been offered cash payments or subsidized loans for replacing refrigerators and air-conditioners that were more than 10 years old with new energy efficient appliances. The goal was to diminish electricity usage and carbon dioxide emissions. So far, 1.5 million households have participated.

Surprisingly, refrigerator savings were less than expected and air-conditioner use increased. Researchers believe that newer refrigerator models were larger and had extra features like ice makers that somewhat offset their energy savings. For air-conditioners, people just used them much more.

Energy savings programs are tough to design and evaluate. As with refrigerators and air-conditioners, changing incentives can have unpredictable consequences. In addition, even if an energy savings program does not save energy, it still could provide considerable benefits far beyond its costs because of better refrigeration and cooler homes. And finally, we should always remember the “rebound” effect. Explained by William Jevons in an 1865 book called The Coal Question, the “rebound” effect resulted when the energy efficiency created by the steam engine encouraged more energy use rather than less. Jevons said, “It is wholly a confusion of ideas to suppose that the economical use of fuel is equivalent to a diminished consumption. The very contrary is truth.”

Maybe Kermit was right.

This NBER paper fully describes  the Mexican cash for coolers program and if you want to read more about the rebound effect, I suggest this fascinating New Yorker article.  For a more academic study, this Congressional Research Service (CRS) report explains that the “rebound” effect is most evident in a developing economy because slack demand can lead to considerable increase in energy use. In a mature market, the “rebound” effect is less pronounced.

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Last week’s Blackberry blackout saved lives.

In Dubai, traffic accidents dipped 20%. For Abu Dhabi, the decrease was 40%. Considering that there is approximately 1 traffic accident every 3 minutes in Dubai and a traffic fatality every 2 days in Abu Dhabi, safety soared.

A fascinating, unintentional experiment.

The Economic Lesson

The implications of the Blackberry outage are multiple. Municipal expense, insurance, regulation and privacy are only several of the issues touched by how we use smartphones.

All though take us to the economic definition of cost. When we choose to use our smartphones everywhere, what are we sacrificing? 

An Economic Question: Listing costs and benefits, assess the impact of smartphones on our lives.

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Environmental concerns? You might want to look at what the The American Community Survey for 2010 says about who drives alone to work (105 million) and how many of us take public transportation (7 million). If education is your focus, one table in the Survey says that 17.7% of everyone 25 and over has a bachelor’s degree. Maybe childcare? For 54% of all married couple families, the husband and wife are in the labor force .

And this is just a tiny bit of the wealth of data in the The American Community Survey for 2010. I suggest looking at it.

News articles that discuss some of the tables are here (commuting time), here (smarter cities), and here (assorted conclusions).

The Economic Lesson

The margin is an imaginary line that separates the current amount you are doing from the extras you might be contemplating. Whether looking at education or driving or any other section of the American Community Survey, you are currently at the margin. Let’s assume that you want something extra at the margin like more college graduates. Then, as economists, you should consider the cost and the benefit before making a decision.

An Economic Question: If any of the 2010 American Community Survey’s statistics concern you, how might our regulators and the US Congress create incentives that change our behavior?

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