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Tag Archives: dynamic pricing

Dynamic Pricing for Tickets Displays the Power of Prices

For $75 you can see all 9 Big Ten Conference basketball games…Maybe.

Here’s the story.

If you buy a Golden Ticket online from the Minnesota Golden Gophers, you can attend up to 9 Big Ten games but only if Minnesota wins every time you attend. If the team loses when you are there, your ticket is deactivated. At $8.33 a game, you could be saving huge money.

What is going on?

The 250 Golden Tickets are being sold in order to build interest in the less competitive matches. As the thinking goes, worried that his ticket will deactivate, a fan will attend at least one or two games at which he expects Minnesota to win. In that way, by changing the incentive, owners can fill seats that otherwise might have been empty.

Called dynamic pricing, algorithms that maximize revenue are being used by ticket sellers. On a plane, the business person probably paid more than the vacationer sitting nearby; online, prices could change from one hour to the next; at certain theaters, based on sales, ticket prices could spike unexpectedly for orchestra seats. The Golden Ticket is a new take on dynamic pricing but it still involves charging different prices for different people.

Our bottom line? I continue thinking about how miraculous a price is. Conveying information and creating incentives, unregulated prices enable us, as buyers and as sellers, to make decisions that suit us individually.

More specifically, last year at econlife, we explained it this way:

Dynamic pricing is all about price elasticity of demand. If price changes a lot and the quantity we buy remains almost the same, as with medication, then our demand is inelastic. By contrast, if price swings have a big impact on buying, then our response is elastic. With Broadway shows and airline seats, certain consumers have an elastic response to higher prices; when price ascends they say, “No.” Others, the inelastic group, will buy no matter what.

Sources and Resources: This article from ESPN tells the basic story about the Golden Ticket while here is more about dynamic prices and algorithms from marketplace.org. And then, looking for more about dynamic pricing I came across this article on Chicago theater tickets that was fascinating. And here is more about dynamic pricing from econlife.

Hat Tip: Cheap Talk

Note: The title was minimally edited after it appeared.

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Prices convey information.

What does a price tell you?

Assume that you were going to purchase a GE Advantium 120 microwave oven on Sunday, August 12. Comparing Sears, Best Buy and Amazon’s sellers at 3 a.m., you would have seen, respectively, $899.99, 809.99 and 744.46. At Amazon’s website, the price changed to slightly more than $850 at 5 a.m., it dropped again to their $744.46 low several hours later and then back above $850 at 10 p.m. During that day, Sears kept the same price, Best Buy changed twice and Amazon, 9 times.

Call it dynamic pricing.

The story of dynamic pricing begins with airline deregulation in 1978. American Airlines (although some say Delta) was the first to realize that different classes of passengers were willing and able to pay different fares. Of course they could not ask if someone was planning a vacation or a business trip, but they could snag the business traveler by charging more if the flight was the next day. And so began what they called yield management. Spreading to hotels and cruises, rental car businesses and a host of others, yield management helped many firms increase revenue.

The dynamic pricing version of yield management has the same revenue enhancing goal. As you probably know, all sorts of goods like bicycles, jewelry and detergents are dynamically priced online. One baby clothes vendor changes his prices every 15 minutes because being cheaper than everyone else means he will top the list of price related search results.

But what does this mean? In a market economy, price is a source of information. Prices enable the supply side to assess productivity, to identify cost and to project profits. On the demand side, price can convey quality and affordability. With price changing frequently, the information flow increases.

Or, as one market participant commented, “The long term implication is that a price is no longer a price.”

My sources and other resources: A front page WSJ article, “Don’t Like This Price? Wait a Minute ” was interesting and had this fascinating graphic comparing price changes from Sears, Amazon and Best Buy. In addition, this academic article explains yield management while this more recent study looks at internet dynamic pricing.

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Should you pay more to see a blockbuster film during the Christmas holidays when movie going peaks? Less for an obscure foreign film? More on Saturday and at 7 pm? Less on Tuesday and 11 am?

The issue is variable pricing. In this paper, several researchers suggest that “one price fits all” no longer makes sense for movie tickets. Their ideas are discussed here in an Atlantic article with several fascinating graphs about our movie going habits.

And, here (Israeli congestion pricing), here (baseball games and airlines), here (a Chicago restaurant) and here (Broadway tickets), econlife.com looks at variable pricing elsewhere.

Our bottom line: Now that we have the technological capability to variably price, should we?

The Economic Lesson
Variable or dynamic pricing is all about price elasticity of demand. If price changes a lot and the quantity we buy remains almost the same, as with medication, then our demand is inelastic. By contrast, if price swings have a big impact on buying, then our response is elastic.

With movie tickets, certain consumers have an elastic response to lower prices; when price descends they see many more films. Meanwhile, others whose demand is inelastic respond minimally to price changes. Awareness of price elasticity of demand could generate more revenue for movie theaters and savings for consumers.

An Economic Question: Depending on the movie, the time, the day and the season, how would higher and lower prices affect people with elastic demand? Inelastic demand?

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Dynamic Pricing for Tickets Displays the Power of Prices

Have you ever hesitated to book an airline reservation and, within moments, the price changed? Or, could you have known that delaying your purchase of a ticket to God of Carnage in LA last summer would have saved you almost $70?

The reason is “dynamic pricing.” Airlines do it, hotels also, and now theater owners.

According to the NY Times, Broadway theater owners are using dynamic pricing to cater to the “haves” and “have-lesses.” For airlines, that has meant vacationers paying much less than business travelers. Even for certain restaurants, you could pay more for Saturday evening at 8:00 than Tuesday at 9:30. With the LA example, early ticket purchasers spent $120 but when demand plunged, the price did also.

With dynamic pricing a seat is not just a seat. It becomes a commodity that has to be used when available because you cannot store it. Its customers have different needs, its future demand is uncertain, and its providers have pricing power. Implemented appropriately, dynamic pricing maximizes revenue.

The Economic Lesson

Dynamic pricing is all about price elasticity of demand. If price changes a lot and the quantity we buy remains almost the same, as with medication, then our demand is inelastic. By contrast, if price swings have a big impact on buying, then our response is elastic. With Broadway shows and airline seats, certain consumers have an elastic response to higher prices; when price ascends they say, “No.” Others, the inelastic group, will buy no matter what.

An Economic Question: Thinking of “dynamic pricing,” we could say that we have 2 demand curves among Broadway theater ticket buyers. Explain and draw.

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