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Tag Archives: India

The Panama Canal Project Facilitates World Trade.

Brazil or Russia?

  • Who tends to work shorter hours?
  • Who takes longer lunch hours?
  • Who watches more TV?
  • Who is more likely to sleep 8 hours or more each night?

 

Brazil was the correct answer to every question.

My source of data was a Jana emerging markets survey. Gathering information during 2011 and 2012 from 11,687 respondents, their goal was to demonstrate how different cultures define “The Good Life.”

For me, though, the information illustrated just how much developing economies differ. Far from “one-size-fits-all,” the world economy has cultures that work harder and those that lunch more. In some places, 4 hours are an average night of sleep while elsewhere 8 are more typical. Also, where you vacation and how often you watch TV vary. It all depends on what you call home.

I wonder how much the information in Jana’s infographics (below) correspond to these World Bank growth projections for the developing world. Compared to the higher income nations, you can see that emerging markets could be fueling the world economy during the next several years. But might our specific data provide clues about which nations will lead?

World Bank Data and Projections for Economic Growth in High Income and Developing Nations

Sources and Resources: I suggest looking at more of the Jana infographics here and here. For a more academic perspective, the World Bank report has the details and was the source of my growth table.

Jana Infographic

Jana Infographic 2

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Indian Rupee

If anyone asks you about India’s anti-poverty initiative, just say UID and CCT.

India’s current welfare-in-kind social support system is woefully inefficient. Sort of like a leaky pipeline, a part of the food, fuel, and fertilizer that the Indian government distributes to its poorest citizens never gets where it is going because of corruption and waste.

Through retinal scans and fingerprinting India’s unique identity project (UID) is supposed to cope with the problem by giving people a provable identity. Once you can prove who you are, the government, instead, can give you cash.

And that takes us to Brazil and its Bolsa Familia. A conditional cash transfer program (CCT), short term, Bolsa Familia is about alleviating the daily impact of poverty. Long term, it targets human capital and health. The cash transfer half is just that–a small regular electronic transfer. The conditional part is, you do not get your money unless your children go to school for a specified number of days. Absent 15% of the time and the cash stops.

With the goal of diminishing an inefficient, corrupt social support system, India is considering the Brazilian model. Brazil, though has a social safety net that has impacted 13 million poor families; in India, we might be talking about 440 million people. Below are graphs from The Economist displaying Brazil’s success.

Bolsa Familia Appears To Have Been More Successful in Rural Area

Bolsa Familia Appears To Have Been More Successful in Rural Areas.

Through Education, Bolsa Familia is Developing Human Capital

Through Education, Bolsa Familia is Developing Human Capital.

Sources and Resources: Here, The Economist describes the impact of Bolsa Familia in Brazil (also the source of my graphs) while this paper is good for a more academic perspective. I then went on to read more about India’s anti-poverty initiatives here in The Economist and here in the NY Times where they allude to Bolsa Familia as a model.

 

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Beer and pretzels.

In China, 1/2 liter of beer costs 9 minutes of work.

To calculate how many minutes of work it takes to buy beer in 150 countries, Swiss bank UBS researchers divided the median wage in that country by the price of 1/2 liter from a retailer. Their results? Beer drinking is most costly for workers in India (55 min.), Philippines (48 min.), Colombia (47 min.) and Nigeria (29 min.). At the other end of the list is the US (5 min.), Czech Republic (7 min.), Germany (8 min.), the Netherlands (9 min), and China (9 min.)

The UBS report reminded me that national beer consumption relates to affluence. According to the American Association of Wine Economists (yes, really) the connection between beer and per capita income is an upside down “U.” As individual incomes increase up to $22,000, so too does beer consumption. Then though, when wine and spirits become affordable, people move from beer to pricier liquor. Currently, nations with emerging markets represent two-thirds of the world’s beer consumption. (The ascent of China’s beer drinking curve in the graph below is striking.)

So, when anyone mentions beer, we can think about of purchasing power, economic growth and demand from the developing world.

A Final Fact: Beer has also been in the news as a source of government revenue. President Hollande just said France’s beer tax will rise by 160% to fund programs for young people and the elderly. Meanwhile, 2 years ago, after Russia spiked its beer tax by 200%, beer purchases declined.

Sources and Resources: This BBC article on the impact of the impending French beer tax was a good read as was the Economist’s details on the UBS beer cost study. More academic, the AAWE paper was the source of my beer drinking information about developing nations. Please note that all information from UBS and The Economist  is current while data and the graph from the AAWE is from 2010 and before.

World Beer Consumption, 1961-2007

China Leads The World in Beer Consumption

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Audi India's car horns are loud and very durable.

Standing near a busy intersection in Calcutta, you would hear a horn honk every 3 seconds. Or, as one Audi India executive explained, “With the amount of honking in Mumbai, we do on a daily basis what an average German does on an annual basis.”

As a result, Audi equips the cars it sells in India with louder and more resilient horns than those destined for Europe. And, to be sure that their horns measure up, they even test them with 2 weeks of steady honking. (A European horn would not survive the ordeal.)

In addition, because Audi India’s high-end clientele tend to have drivers, they need to make their back seats more appealing. As a result, the rear of the car provides more comfort, more entertainment, and more control.

Where does this take us?

To multinational assimilation in a foreign market and our conclusion to a post on Chinese Oreos:

“Being a trading nation is about more than shipping products abroad. At first it was the 18th century New England merchants who facilitated trade from home. During the 19th century, businesses like I. M. Singer & Co. (sewing machines) secured foreign patents, sold exclusive selling rights to representatives abroad and established foreign manufacturing facilities. Then, the next step was the foreign subsidiary through which the multinational firm increasingly took on the identity of its home away from home.”

Sources and Resources: Thanks to marginalrevolution.com for introducing me to Audi-India’s horns and to the Detroit News and the Globe and Mail for more detail. And finally, you might want to compare our recent post on Nissan eyeing the low-end of emerging markets like India’s with Audi’s high-end strategy.

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19th Century Urban Transport Was An Environmental Problem

Aluminum recycling is in the news because of a break-up. Together, Alcoa and Novelis (owned by HindalCo, an Indian firm) had been collecting and recycling cans–40 billion last year. But no more. Now, competing for used cans, each firm will do it alone.

Should business firms recycle aluminum? It depends.

Every 2 or 3 months, a recycled aluminum can might be recycled again. Used and empty, cans could be collected by someone who receives 55 cents a pound (approximately 25 cans) and takes them to a scrapyard that crushes, scrapes, and bales them (sort of like a hay bale, but made of cans). Melted and rolled at Alcoa or Novelis or another aluminum producer, the can becomes a part of an aluminum sheet. Next stop? The sheets are deposited at a can producer who prepares them for the beverage firm. Filled with beer or soda or juice, the can is sold and the cycle starts all over again.

Producing cans from recycled materials requires a lot less energy than making aluminum from scratch and municipalities that recycle can generate revenue. However, businesses might not benefit because using recycled aluminum is only marginally cheaper, the product is lower quality and a collection infrastructure is necessary. In addition with Novelis and Alcoa competing for scrap, price could go up.

That takes us to a question we have considered before at EconLife. Is it ethical for a profit-seeking business to be ethical? Believing that profits are the responsibility of the business firm, economist Milton Friedman (1912-2006) said that it is not appropriate for corporate management to pursue social responsibility. Agreeing, former Harvard president and Secretary of the Treasury Lawrence Summers cited Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to display the cataclysmic results of combining doing good with seeking profits.

So, should businesses produce recycled aluminum? The answer seems to be sometimes.

Sources and Resources: This WSJ article does a very good job of conveying how aluminum recycling works. Combine it with this YouTube video and you will see what the business is all about. But, I suggest also looking at this cost benefit analysis.

This brief aluminum recycling video is interesting:

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