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Tag Archives: Italy

Displaying different strategies, McDonald's and Starbucks call a 16 ounce cup different names.

Among the biggest coffee drinkers in the world, euro-zone consumers are cutting back.

As one Milan café owner explained, “Since the beginning of the year most of our regulars cut their coffees from around four to two a day. Sometimes, instead of getting a cappuccino or other types of more expensive coffees, they just have an espresso. This is the effect of the crisis.”

Meanwhile, in Brazil, partially because of good weather, supply is up for the highest quality beans (arabica) that the Italians and Spanish prefer. In addition, not only have some Europeans begun to switch to cheaper robusta beans but also growers who had withheld their beans awaiting higher prices are now facing a decline that might mean they will sell at a lower price.

It all adds up to classic demand and supply. Because of declining income, the demand curve for troubled euro-zone economies shifted to the left. Meanwhile, with bountiful crops, supply shifted to the right. The result? Price tumbled. And indeed, arabica coffee prices are down 30 percent from a year ago.

Sources and Resources: While I discovered the current status of coffee beans in a Barron’s column, my coffee prices, here, and consumption, here (source of table below), this August WSJ article tells more about European demand and was the source of the above quote. Also, for a nice combination of stats and stories, you might enjoy this Reuters video.

Per Capita Coffee Consumption: 2006/2007

Per capita euro-zone coffee demand is the highes in the world.

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euro zone map

The Greek government needs its newest bailout infusion. But in return, austerity would include (among many other requirements) cutting certain civil servants’ salaries by as much as 35%, raising the retirement age again but this time to 67, and plunging the number of associate professors at public universities from 15,226 to 2,000. The Greek Parliament has to decide before November 12.

This takes us to olive oil.

In a March 2012 report, the consulting firm McKinsey & Company proposed a development plan for Greece that would be spearheaded by an Economic Development and Reform Unit. Industry by industry, specific changes were proposed. Looking at what McKinsey suggests for olive oil as a prototype example, do you think the Greeks can leap from their current crisis to economic growth during the next decade?

Here are the broad goals and then the olive oil plan:

Broad Goals:

  • Focus on tradable sectors
  • Attract foreign and domestic investment
  • Generate more productivity
  • Ensure tax compliance
  • Create employment opportunities
  • Simplify bureaucracy
  • Expand the court system

 

Olive Oil:

Although Greece is the world’s third largest olive oil producer, Italy is the main beneficiary. Because Greece sends its olive oil in bulk to Italy where it is packaged and marketed, Italy enjoys a 50% premium from the price of the retail product. McKinsey suggests that instead, Greece has to add to its factory capacity at home, develop a “cachet” for the “Made in Greece” label, and sell directly to targeted markets abroad. North America, the UK, Germany & Austria, and the Balkans would be top priority markets. (The McKinsey chart below is interesting.)

Reading the report, you start to realize that while Greece has immense economic potential, the chasm between their current plight and jumpstarting economic development is massive. In addition, since the report was issued, Fage moved its headquarters to Luxembourg and Coca-Cola switched its main stock market listing to London.

Can olive oil and tourism, feta and yogurt help to fuel the Greek economy?

Sources and Resources: My current facts about Greece receiving its newest tranche are from this NY Times article. Thinking of the future, the McKinsey report resounds until, I suspect, it connects to Greece’s political and economic problems. As a counterpoint, you might want to look at this Business Insider slide show detailing the impact of a “Grexit” and this econlife post about Greece.

From McKinsey, “Greece 10 Years Ahead,” p. 49:

Greek Economic Development and Olive Oil

 

 

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Are Germans thinking, “We did it and now it’s your turn?”

Ten years ago, Germany’s unemployment rate averaged more than 9% and economic growth was close to zero. Jobless workers, depending on their family status, were receiving 60-67% of their former wage for 32 months and 53-57% thereafter. Not only were the payments expensive but so too was the army of government employees needed to calculate them.  In addition, because government regulations made it difficult to fire anyone, businesses avoided expansion.

With structural reform the solution, the German political leadership asked a Volkswagen executive, Peter Hartz, to lead a commission. In the economically depressed eastern half of the country, thousands of unhappy German workers  protested in the streets.

The Hartz Commission targeted workers, businesses and government.

  • Hoping to diminish work disincentives, they lowered unemployment benefits. Workers would receive basic welfare after 12 months with a rent and utility subsidy.
  • Knowing that the right to fire made hiring more attractive, businesses could create temporary, low paying mini-jobs.
  • And finally, lower unemployment benefits and more business activity meant lower deficits.

 

Perhaps we could call it tough love.

Now, the German economy is healthy. In his Boomerang chapter on Germany, Michael Lewis says, that either the weaker euro states must join in a German funded fiscal union (sort of like the connection between Indiana and Mississippi) or the weaker nations must endure structural reform. “The first solution is pleasant for the Greeks [and the other peripheral states]. The second solution is pleasant for Germans but painful, possibly even suicidal, for Greeks.” (p. 141)

Knowing about German austerity, do you think Germans can accept less from their euro zone relatives?

This Planet Money podcast does a good job of briefly explaining German austerity and the Hartz Commission while these 2002-2005 news articles, here and here provide the ongoing narrative.

 

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The Surprising Glass Ceiling in Sweden and France

Italy has just declared its “pink quota.”

A new law mandates that by 2015, women should be one-third of all board members for listed and Italian state-owned firms. Currently, the total is somewhere between 3.7 and 6%. (Checking 2 sources, I found different statistics.)

Looking at how Australia and France have raised female board presence, which approach do you favor? Here are some facts:

Australia:

  • Legislative incentives.
  • Mandated diversity policy reporting.
  • Female board membership up by 5.3% from 2009-2011.
  • Currently at 13.8%.
  • A formal mentoring program is bringing female candidates to boards’ attention.

 

France:

  • Legislative fiat.
  • Female board membership has skyrocketed by 7.5% from 2009-2011.
  • Currently at 16.6%.
  • Mandated to rise to 40% by 2016.

 

Here are some interesting statistics from Catalyst, a group that gathers information about women:

Women on the Board (countries at the top of a 44 country list):

Country % Board Seats Held By Women
Norway 40.1
Sweden 27.3
Finland 24.5
United States 16.1

 

Women on the Board (countries at the bottom a 44 country list):

Country % Board Seats Held By Women
Japan 0.9
United Arab Emirates 0.8
Qatar 0.3
Saudi Arabia 0.1

A note: On the 44 country list, at #34, Italy is close to the bottom.

At first, I learned about Italy’s “pink quota” in a WSJ article. Here though, is the best report I accessed about women on corporate boards and the source of some statistics while the others came from Catalyst, a research organization that focuses on women. For further discussion on occupational and wage gender gaps, you could go to these econlife posts here and here.

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Tomorrow is Euro Day and it reminds me of aspirin.

On May 9, 62 years ago, the French foreign minister proposed a limited economic partnership with West Germany. By the time the treaty was signed in 1951, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and Italy had joined also to form a 6-nation coal and steel free trade zone. With people, services, goods and capital moving ever more effortlessly across European borders, that free trade zone grew and became a monetary union. Here, I would usually say that 19th century free trade advocate David Ricardo would be smiling.

Instead, aspirin comes to mind.

Imagine for a moment, a country with a sick economy. Lenders know it is ill so they ask for relatively high interest payments when that country borrows. Then though, the country joins the euro zone.  Rather like taking aspirin for a fever, being a euro zone member makes it look healthier than it really is. As a result, lenders let the country borrow more easily. But really, it was still sick. It needed an economic antibiotic to attack the disease rather than just an aspirin for the symptoms.

That country is Greece. And now, with its illness having resurfaced, Greece has been prescribed fiscal medicine that includes 11 billion euros of spending cuts. Based on current political turmoil, they believe it was the wrong prescription.

Our Bottom Line: Can euro zone monetary union work without nations being required to take fiscal–spending, taxing, borrowing– medicine?

The Economist has a superb series of maps that display, country by country, different euro zone debt, growth, unemployment in which Greece, Portugal and Italy stand out for their massive debt. This Chicago Tribune story from Reuters tells more about Greek political turmoil. And here, in a NY Times Magazine article, Paul Krugman clearly and logically talks about euro zone history and challenges.

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