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Tag Archives: pay-as-you-go

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Yesterday, the odds on intrade were 76% that the Supreme Court will declare the health care insurance mandate unconstitutional.

This started me thinking about Social Security during 1935. Several states had old age insurance and the federal government was feeling the pressure. Advocates of a federal system agreed that means testing had to be avoided because it demeaned those who did not make the cut. The solution was shared employee/employer funding through a payroll tax. Having earned the benefits, rich and poor would feel no stigma when the check arrived in the mail. Perceived as a universal entitlement, Social Security would not be a poverty program.

We could say that Social Security has been successful because it became a “social norm.”

NY Times financial writer Eduardo Porter suggests that the mandate to purchase and receive health insurance in the Affordable Care Act also needs to become a social norm. If it does not, then healthy individuals will figure out ways to sidestep the system. And if they do, funding will be insufficient to support those who need medical assistance. So he says, it does not matter what the Supreme Court decides. The insurance buying mandate will only work when it becomes our social norm. And right now, a CBS News/NY Times poll indicates that close to 70 percent of us oppose it.

Our bottom line: Like Social Security, should a health care insurance mandate become a social norm?

Here, you can check current intrade odds on the Supreme Court individual health care mandate decision. For Social Security history, The Real Deal (1999) by S.J. Schieber and J.B. Shoven and The Predictable Surprise (2012) by  S.J. Schieber provide excellent facts, insights, and program alternatives that give Porter’s column relevant background.

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When you combine better health care with generous pensions you get (choose one):

  • happy retirees
  • happy politicians
  • insufficiently funded national pension programs
  • the eurozone
  • the United States
  • other

 

To select an answer let’s begin with 1935. Just passed, the Social Security Act will start giving benefits to people 65 and older in several years. With 41.9 workers for every retiree in 1945 and 16.5 in 1950, the revenue source was more than sufficient. Moreover, life expectancy was 58 for men and 62 for women. (Adults who reached 21 did have a 50-60 percent chance of reaching 65 and beyond.)

Fast forward to 2012. The average man lives until approximately 76 and the average woman, 81. The worker retiree ratio for 2012 is 2.8. And as more baby boomers retire, it will get worse.

The Social Security Trustees just announced that because current workers’ checks could not cover retirees’ obligations, the system had a deficit during 2010, 2011 and probably for 2012. The good news is that they have a Trust Fund to cover deficits. The bad new is that the Trust Fund will probably be empty in 2033. That means benefits will have to plunge or taxes soar or the age of eligibility change. Or maybe the unexpected will occur and all will remain okay.

More daunting, in Europe, by age 55, more than one third of the population of all countries has retired except for Sweden, Denmark and Finland. You know the eurozone situation– huge pension obligations, free access to health care, retirement length averaging 13-20 years, and unemployment averaging 10.8 percent in February.

Returning to the quiz, what might you fill in for “other?”

You might want to look at this historical chart of worker beneficiary ratios since 1945, pp. 52-53 in Trustees 2012 report and at the chart of life expectancy for Social Security in one of their historical documents. For Europe, I got my statistics from this article which uses Eurostats as its source.

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Ask a 56-year old and a 26-year old about Social Security and you will probably get very different answers. 

In the NY Times, an unemployed 56 year old woman said: “My investments took a bath, then being out of work for a few years–I’m sorry but there’s not that much left. I’m going to need Social Security and Medicare.” However, in order to get the amount of Social Security she expects, a 26 year old could expect to pay a higher payroll tax.

When? In 2030, she will be 75 and the 26 year old will be 45.

Almost doubling since 1990, the number of retirees is surging. However, the number of taxpayers is up by much less. As a result, by 2036, Social Security will be unable to fulfill its promised obligations. The “old” worry about their benefits. Because Social Security is “pay-as-you-go,” the “young” are concerned about paying for them. The NY Times called it “Between Young and Old, a Political Collision.”

The Economic Lesson

Cut benefits? These are several approaches:

  • Reduce what upper income earners would receive.
  • Increase the retirement age.
  • Reduce cost-of-living increases in benefits.

Increase Taxes? These are possibilities:

  • Tax all that people earn instead of the cap on taxable income that now exists.
  • Select a much higher cap on taxable income than now exists.
  • Increase the payroll tax rate from 12.4% to 14.4%.

Or, just wait and see if economic growth solves the problem?

Using this interactive WSJ graphic, you can see the impact of different policy alternatives.

An Economic Question: If Republicans reject tax increases and Democrats refuse to cut benefits, how would you get the Congress to act?

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The ratio is 3 to 1. The “3″ is how much Medicare recipients are receiving. The “1″ is what they paid.

Still though, you can see from this NPR report why most people call Medicare an entitlement.

According to a study from the Urban Institute, an average worker starting Medicare in 2010 paid close to $55,000 in Medicare taxes. That same person’s lifetime Medicare benefit (from age 65 until death) is projected to total $161,000. You can see here how taxes and benefits for Medicare and Social Security vary between 1960 and 2030.

Rather similar to other pay-as-you go systems, taxes from current wage earners pay for current Medicare recipients. And therein lies the problem. Baby boomers, who far outnumber all other generations, have just started turning 65. Meanwhile, birth rates are falling and longevity is rising.

Solutions? Higher taxes? Lower benefits? Cost control? Privatization? More borrowing through U.S. bond sales to China and Japan?

The Economic Lesson

During 1965, President Lyndon Johnson called Wilbur Mills, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, and said, “Wilbur, I’ve just been looking through the polls here, and I’ve only got a few weaknesses, and the worst of them is that I’m not doing anything for the old folks. I need some help from you.
The result? Congress passes Medicare Parts A and B.

An Economic Question: Which new incentives would you suggest for the Congress, for Medicare recipients, and for healthcare providers to solve the Medicare problem?

 

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Too much regulation? Senator Mark Warner’s proposed legislation is an interesting approach.

Concerned that regulation is “stifling fresh investment and discouraging innovation,” Senator Mark Warner says the incentives have to change. Currently, when federal agencies create new rules, their power expands, their budget grows, and their work force balloons. Burgeoning regulation, he says, pushed us down from #4 to #5 on the World Bank’s “Ease of Doing Business” rankings.

Instead, Warner suggests that agencies create “a credible, quantifiable estimate of the economic impact” for every regulation. Calling it “regulatory pay-go,” his proposed legislation would require eliminating old rules when new ones are added. The net result? The regulatory impact remains constant.

It sounds good to me. Your opinion?

The Economic Lesson

Pay-go refers to pay-as-you-go, a legislative approach that involves budgetary neutrality. New legislation is characterized as pay-as-you-go when it replaces existing spending instead of adding to the federal budget. Social Security is called a pay-as-you-go program because the money collected from current workers is paid to current Social Security recipients.

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