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Tag Archives: perfect competition

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Several years ago, I walked into my local bank branch at 5:55. Knowing that they closed at 6:00, I thought I had some time but they said I was too late. I said I had 5 minutes, they said no and by the time we had concluded our exchange, it was 6:00. They said they were closed and asked me to leave.

Fast forward to 2012. In a news article, bank analyst Richard Bove told how his mismanaged mortgage application, discourteous tellers, and fee problems made him decide to switch banks from Wells Fargo to Chase.

But…

Recommending Wells Fargo, in a research report, he said, “I’m struck by the fact that the service is so bad, and yet the company is so good.” Rather than customer courtesy, the bottom line grows from “pushing products and managing risk.”

His bottom line resounded. Recalling a recent post on Pepco’s lack of reliability during a week long Washington D.C. power outage, I again pondered what happens when better service has no impact on profits.

I also wondered in which market structure customer service might be most important. (Moving from more to less competition and from smaller to larger businesses) Perfect competition? Monopolistic competition? Oligopoly? Monopoly?

Any similar experiences? Please comment.

Dick Bove’s experience is described in this NY Times article, and here is an abstract for a Harvard Business Review report that concludes delighting customers won’t create loyalty but solving their problems will leave them satisfied.

 

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Egg prices are actually down. Averaging $1.73 a dozen during March, egg prices have fallen by 5% from March a year ago. So, yes, the CPI says the increase for food prices is up 2.7% during the past 12 months (March 2010-March 2011). But not for eggs.

We could say that egg producers are in a squeeze between higher costs and lower demand. The higher costs come from more expensive corn feed and higher transportation costs. Meanwhile people are eating fewer eggs. This year, consumption is projected to be equal to last year at 247.7 eggs per person. (In 1950 it was 389.)

Usually, egg demand increases during Easter. But even that is predicted to be less than usual. Did you know that Thanksgiving and Christmas are the biggest holidays for eggs? Easter is #3.

The Economic Lesson

The egg industry is composed of many small producers. And therein lies the problem from the supply side. We have a competitive environment where producers are price takers.

Imagine a line representing different competitive market structures. The far left side of the line is labeled perfect competition while the far right side is monopoly. Very similar products such as eggs and unpackaged lettuce tend to be sold in markets that are on the left side of the scale. Their producers have little power over price because their goods look just like someone else’s.

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One person might have purchased enough cocoa to make 5 billion chocolate bars. And, he is not even in the candy making business. Instead, he is doing what financial speculators have tried to do for centuries. He is trying to corner a market.

The man is Anthony Ward. His firm, Armajaro, does financial investing that includes commodities trading. One of those commodities is cocoa. Recently, he has purchased a lot of cocoa. 

Cornering any market requires massive buying, so much buying that little remains for anyone else. The result is control of supply and price. Typically, when a commodities trader makes a purchase of corn, for example, the seller locks in that price. Meanwhile, because with corn the buyer is purchasing a crop that will be harvested in the future, he has the opportunity to take advantage of a price rise. The seller gets security and the buyer is the speculator. Trying to corner a market just involves buying more.

In 1869, another financial speculator, Jay Gould, tried to corner the gold market. In the Gold Room, located near the Stock Exchange in NYC, traders bought and sold gold. When Gould’s agents (secretly working for him) started to buy and buy, the price of gold moved up. During subsequent months his men continued buying. Ultimately the U.S. government entered the market as a seller and foiled Gould’s plans.

In the wonderful 1983 film Trading Places, Eddie Murphy and Dan Aykroyd foil a plot to corner the orange juice market.

The Economic Lesson

There are many buyers and many sellers in perfectly competitive markets. As a result, no one controls price or quantity. Because all producers are price takers, they have to abide by the price established through the intersection of demand and supply.

Cornering a market involves taking control away from demand and supply. The demand curve is “hijacked” by an individual. As price goes up, other potential buyers are “squeezed” out of the market. The ultimate result, though, is control of the supply curve.   

 

 

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Do you remember when we only had Levi’s? Until the late 1970s when Jordache arrived in department stores, buying jeans was not about style. After that, designer jeans became a fashion statement as did their higher prices.  

I wonder whether yesterday’s WSJ article on $520 khaki pants for men described a similar phenomenon. The pricier pants represent a trend toward more detail, softer fabrics, and enzyme washes. According to the WSJ, most khakis had looked too much alike, even when sold by different retailers. How to stimulate sales? Create some “designer cachet”. 

As an economist, we would say that khakis makers are creating product differentiation…sort of like lettuce.

In a supermarket, lettuces can look alike. But, if you put them in packages, and prewash them, call them organic or provide a gourmet image, you might be able to generate some buyer recognition. And maybe, if the consumer really likes the lettuce (or wants designer cachet), he or she will buy that brand every time.

The Economic Life

Imagine a line representing different competitive market structures. The far left side of the line is labeled perfect competition while the far right side is monopoly. Very similar products such as unpackaged lettuce tend to be sold in markets that are on the left side of the scale. Their producers have little power over price because their goods look just like someone else’s. When individual lettuce growers gave their produce more individuality, they moved to the right on the market structure line. They also got more price making capability–just like Khakis. 

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