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Tag Archives: urbanization

Small Dogs Like Pomeranians are Typical in Brazil

Chloe and Gus, my daughter’s miniature Pomeranians, consume organic dog food and use wee-wee pads, they visit the vet, the groomer, and enjoy their treats and toys. Because of Chloe and Gus, my cats, and the dogs in 1 out of every 4 households in the US, we have a growing pet industry.

I started listing the discretionary spending that supports Chloe and Gus after reading about the Euromonitor Dog Index for 53 countries. Here are some facts that connect pooch spending to prosperity:

Averaging one dog in every 4 households, the US has the world’s largest pooch population. But Norway does the most per capita pup spending at $639 while Switzerland and Australia ranked 2 and 3.

In the developing world, Brazil, with a more affluent urban population, has the most small dogs per capita. But the biggest proportional increase in dog ownership was led by India, and then the Philippines, Venezuela, Russia, and Argentina. Still though, while dog ownership in India rose 58% during the past 5 years, they have only 4 dogs per thousand people. By contrast, dog ownership in the Middle-East is much less popular. In Saudi Arabia and Egypt, with only 2 dogs for every thousand people, dog ownership is rare and typically relates to big dogs and security.

Finally, the financial woes in the euro-zone appear to have affected dog ownership. France, with a sagging economy and Greece, on the brink of economic cataclysm, have fewer dogs than 5 years ago.

Our bottom line: Chloe and Gus are much more than family dogs. Dog ownership can be an indicator of a country’s economic growth and decline.

Sources and Resources: My facts on dogs are primarily from the Atlantic article and from a marketplace.org report. You might also enjoy this Bloomberg article on a NJ legislative proposal for mandating doggy seat belts and Governor Christie’s response. Finally, these econlife links look at aspirational purchases in the developing world.

 

This chart is from the Atlantic article cited above.

Dogs Per Household Can be an Economic Indicator

 

Please note that this post’s conclusion was edited after it appeared.

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19th Century Urban Transport Was An Environmental Problem

Think about life in the city. A one-bedroom apartment might have 1000 square feet located next to several other similar dwellings and all are heated and cooled by the same source. You walk nearby to get your groceries and take the subway or bus to work or school. Rather than a hybrid car, the energy efficient passenger vehicle that you use most frequently is the elevator.

The result? According to New Yorker writer David Owen, being green in Manhattan is very simple. You just have to live there.

But then, you move to the suburbs and transform your carbon footprint. You buy one car and then two. You have a house to heat and cool. You even have an extra refrigerator in your garage or basement. Everywhere, to school, to dine, to shop, you have to drive.

Our bottom line: Sometimes it takes counterintuitive reasoning to assess environmental impact.

Or, as Kermit said, “It’s not easy being green.”

The Economic Lesson

High density urban areas have much less of an environmental impact than low density municipalities.  Harvard economist Edward Glaesar points out that “a single family detached house uses on average 83% more electricity than urban apartments within the United States.” Correspondingly, in his New Yorker article, David Owen talks about the high density environmental benefits of skyscrapers.

I recommend this Econtalk podcast with David Owen on the “conundrums” of being green and this econlife post on the unintended impact of wind farms and locovores.

An Economic Question: Should national leaders tilt environmental policy toward urban favoritism?

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In the U.S. 81% of us live in a city. Saying that cities generate more wealth, productivity and innovation, Brookings’ Research Director Alan Berube and Harvard’s Edward Glaeser applaud urbanization.

In China, though, Grandma might not be so happy. More urbanization means less family cohesion. Offspring leave the farm for the city and leave parents and grandparents behind. Imagine this, though. China’s Civil Affairs Ministry is considering making adult children visit their parents. According to one article, if approved, the new mandate means parents can sue adult children who are insufficiently attentive.

The Economic Lesson

Cities facilitate spillovers. A spillover is just the spread of something, such as a new idea, beyond the spot where it originated.

When a new idea easily spreads because firms are interconnected and people communicate more easily, we would say the spillover created a positive externality. That just means that an accomplishment that originally involved 2 entities, rippled outward to benefit many.

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A podcast on cities from WNYC’s Radiolab cited walking speed as a part of a city’s personality.

To walk 60 feet, people averaged 10.55 seconds in Singapore,  12.37 seconds in Paris, 21 seconds in Buchanan, Liberia, and 31.60 seconds in Blantyre, Malawi. Hearing a city’s average walking speed, which was remarkably consistent when measured during different years, researchers could estimate economic data such as average income.

The Economic Lesson

Economists and their physics and psychology research partners are starting to perceive cities as organisms. They have said, for example, that cities, functioning as an economy of scale, “get more economical with size.” They also have observed that individuals tend to be more productive in larger cites, to earn higher wages, and to innovate more. In fact, when a city becomes so large that it might run out of resources, its response is to innovate. However, cities experience diminishing returns– less extra benefit– from each new innovation.

Especially because more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, economists care about how cities function.

 

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