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Tag Archives: wages

What happens when everyone knows how much you earn?

A Boulder, Colorado firm, has voluntarily decided to let workers check a spreadsheet and see what others take home. One employee said she likes it, even when she discovers someone earns more. “I am also grateful to know there’s no back-door deals…” By contrast, paycheck transparency can be tough to handle when someone feels an associate should not earn more. As another employee said, “I have a colleague who’s making a little less than me who comes to me and says ‘I don’t think you deserve to make more than I am making…’”

Through required CEO employee ratio disclosure, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act takes a step beyond voluntarily sharing salary information to mandatory disclosure. With Dodd-Frank, the SEC is charged with writing rules to insure a pay comparison between CEO compensation and median employee salary. The goal? Transparency could create social pressure to narrow huge gaps between CEO and employee pay.

Thinking of the impact of knowing your “neighbor’s” salary, we can ponder economist Richard Easterlin’s happiness research. Easterlin says that as wealth accumulates, it bestows increasingly less extra satisfaction. Believing that pleasure from wealth is relative, he concludes that as long as you have more than your neighbor, you feel good.  Consequently, rich or poor, people just need to have more than someone else to feel good. Here, 2 economists challenge Dr. Easterlin’s conclusions.

Sources: Thanks to Marketplace.org’s “Payday” series. Discussing pay disclosure, their programs here and here were fascinating. To check the current status of the executive employee salary ratio rule, this SEC website has the information. You might also want to look at California’s mandatory pay disclosure rule for public employees. California state workers protested when the Sacramento Bee published salary information from public records.

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Where do we work and how much do we earn?

In the entire U.S., there are 2830 mathematicians, 3220 historians, and 225,450 fitness trainers and aerobic instructors. Employing 7.6 million, the largest occupational group is salespeople and cashiers. Here, you can see a Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) list of how many of us do what.

You can also check out where people earn more. On this map illustrating BLS statistics, people in the red labeled areas earn less while the green areas earn more. Red clusters extend from Florida, up to Virginia and then westward to Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Green concentrations are located along the West Coast and Middle Atlantic states.

Finally, which job groups earn the least and the most? The WSJ tells us that “20% of the work force…[included] the worst paying positions.” With salespeople and cashiers among the lowest paid, predictably, physicians and lawyers are close to the top.  Also, though, there are some surprises.

The Economic Lesson

Numbering close to 150 million people, the U.S. labor force includes people who are:

  • 16 years old or older
  • employed
  • unemployed and looking for a paying job

An Economic Question: As a presidential candidate, which job facts would you believe are most important? Suggest economic policy proposals that relate to the job facts you cite.

 

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We might need to adjust how we think about the labor market. Yes, we know that the unemployment rate for February was 8.9% and that 13.7 million people are jobless.  However, to encourage thoughts about the future, an M.I.T. economist tells us more.

First, let’s slice the labor force into thirds:

1) High-skill, high wage workers which include “high education professional, technical, and managerial occupations.”

2) Middle-skill, middle wage workers that are “white-collar clerical, administrative and sales jobs occupations and blue-collar production, craft, and operative occupations.”

3) Low-skill, low wage workers which take us to “low-education food service, personal care, and protective service occupations.”

According to M.I.T.’s David Autor, #2, the middle, has experienced diminishing opportunities during the past 2 decades while the top and the bottom of the labor market have had expanding job potential. Most important, though, are the two challenges cited in Dr. Autor’s paper. 1) Skilled workers are in greatest demand but educational levels have not kept up with our increased need for them. 2) Because we have expanding job opportunities at the top and the bottom of the labor market, we have greater polarization–a greater divide about which he is concerned.

The basic question for us is trajectory. Do we approve of the direction in which the labor market is heading? What are the policy implications for wages, educational attainment, and employment opportunities?

The Economic Lesson

To be defined as a member of the labor force, an individual is:
-16 years old or older
-employed
-unemployed and looking for a paying job

 

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The cost of having a family has gone up and it has gone down.

In its annual report on the average cost of raising a child in a middle income family, the Department of Agriculture said from 2008 to 2009, the amount has risen by 1%. A child born during 2009 is projected to cost $222,360 during its first 17 years.

Looking at cost slightly differently, a recent report from Harvard tells us that some women are experiencing less of a cost in pay and flexibility when they select work and family. Summarized by the NY Times, the report says that technology related professions have the lowest “mommy penalties” and certain medical specialties come next. By contrast, the corporate and financial world lags.

Still though, this report on wage trajectories for middle income women who work outside the home shows a flattening at child bearing. The overall wage loss during a lifetime is estimated at close to 30%.

The Economic Lesson

The opportunity cost of a decision is the next best alternative that is sacrificed.  We might say then that the opportunity cost of working and motherhood is working and not having children. Higher income and job promotions is what many working mothers sacrifice.

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Hearing that federal employees earn more than people working in the private sector, how should we respond? Let’s look at the facts.

Assessing someone’s earnings involves salaries and benefits.  According to the BEA (Bureau of Economic Analysis) at $81,258, the average federal worker earns 60% more than someone in the private sector. Looking at benefits, the gap grows larger with federal workers getting $41,791 and private workers at $10,589. Combining salaries and benefits, we have federal workers with total average compensation of $123,049 compared to privately employed workers at $61,051.

We can also look at raises and inflation. Between 2000 and 2009, the average federal worker’s salary increased by 33% more than inflation. Including benefits which primarily refer to pensions for federal employees, average compensation, adjusted for inflation, is up 36.9%. By contrast, privately employed workers are receiving 8.8% more.

Looking at salary data, Democrats and Republicans disagree about whether we are comparing “apples to oranges” or “apples to apples”. Saying “apples to oranges”, people who believe that the federal pay scale is appropriate emphasize that many federal jobs require a more highly skilled worker. Those who disagree say we are comparing similar issues, especially when focusing on yearly salary increases where percent increases can be compared.

The Economic Lesson

Having looked at the public/private sector pay gap and the debate that surrounds it,  as economists, we should return to cost and benefit. To consider why there is a public/private sector pay gap, we can identify the opportunity cost experienced by private businesses and the federal government.

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